Suchergebnisse

There is no sufficient evidence regarding the relationship between descriptive and women's substantive representation in the Mexican Congress. This research asks, what characteristics do lawmakers who promote the rights and interests of women share? Critical actors theory calls for research to emphasize agents over numbers. Thus, information about the identity of sponsoring deputies was studied for the LXIII and LXIV Congresses. Results show that individual actors, mostly female legislators, promote women's representation. Some have seniority, but most have no experience as elected officials, nor as part of the Congressional leadership. This suggests that actors who have the political will to promote women's issues have the least power to do so, which, in turn, undermines the power of a critical mass.

El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer elementos teóricos y empíricos que permitan contribuir al debate sobre las candidaturas independientes. El argumento central es que, si bien estas candidaturas podrían ser necesarias en el marco de democratización del país, el diseño del sistema electoral continúa favoreciendo a los partidos políticos. A partir de la evaluación de los resultados del proceso electoral 2014-2015, se señala que las normativas no compensan las desventajas institucionales de las candidaturas independientes respecto de los partidos políticos. Se examinan las normativas que regulan el acceso a la boleta electoral y a fondos públicos. El estudio se basa en datos agregados, incluyendo candidaturas y datos finales de diputaciones federales y locales, gubernaturas y presidencias municipales. Se siguió un método descriptivo con recolección de datos a través de fuentes oficiales y archivos electorales.

El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer elementos teóricos y empíricos que permitan contribuir al debate sobre las candidaturas independientes. El argumento central es que, si bien estas candidaturas podrían ser necesarias en el marco de democratización del país, el diseño del sistema electoral continúa favoreciendo a los partidos políticos. A partir de la evaluación de los resultados del proceso electoral 2014-2015, se señala que las normativas no compensan las desventajas institucionales de las candidaturas independientes respecto de los partidos políticos. Se examinan las normativas que regulan el acceso a la boleta electoral y a fondos públicos. El estudio se basa en datos agregados, incluyendo candidaturas y datos finales de diputaciones federales y locales, gubernaturas y presidencias municipales. Se siguió un método descriptivo con recolección de datos a través de fuentes oficiales y archivos electorales.

Literature on women's political participation has questioned the meaning of representation and has been concerned with identifying what controls women access to political posts. Some explanations focus on the offer and suggest a general lack of interest and/or capacity limiting women's participation. Others analyse the effects of demand, and consider the composition of the political organizations. Based on this background, this article explores women participation inside and outside political parties and in activities that can indirectly result in political participation. The weight of women's participation in the parties' governing bodies is analysed, questioning whether their marginal participation explains their low presence in elected office. Data from twelve Mexican states, between 1998 and 2012 are used, including sources such as, the National Survey on Political Culture and Citizen Practices, the Federal Electoral Institute, and the National Survey on Discrimination. Original data on local councils and assemblies and the National Executive Committees are also included. It is concluded that men and women participation is similar and the lack of involvement is not related with gender. However, this study does establish the presence of restrictive practices against women, promoting the access of men to political cadres. Adapted from the source document.

In this paper, the roles of public opinion polls and agency in foreign policymaking are examined. Based on documents uncovered from the National Archives and Rockefeller Archive Center, this paper presents a more comprehensive picture of the history of public opinion surveys and the shaping of US bureaucracy in their relation to foreign affairs. Further, the paper contends that policymakers are interested in public views pertaining to foreign policy issues, but that private interests (serving their own interpretations of national interest) shape public views, using new techniques as guiding tools.